Table of contents
- The growing importance of OT security in the industrial sector
- The main threats to the OT network
- Challenges of OT security in the age of connectivity
- Best strategies for ensuring security
- Directives and solutions for a secure future
The growing importance of OT security in the industrial sector
In the era of Industry 4.0, the interconnection between IT systems and operational technologies (OT) has revolutionized industrial processes, enhancing efficiency and productivity. However, this evolution has also introduced new vulnerabilities, making OT security a strategic priority for businesses.
Operational Technology security, often abbreviated as OT security, refers to measures taken to protect industrial control systems (ICS), devices, and infrastructures that monitor and manage physical processes in industries.
These systems, essential for production, are increasingly targeted by sophisticated cyber threats like ransomware and targeted attacks capable of paralyzing operations.
The main threats to the OT network
OT networks can face numerous risks, including:
- Ransomware attacks
These encrypt data and block systems, causing production disruptions.
- Unauthorized access
Compromised credentials or unauthorized devices represent common vulnerabilities.
- ICS protocol attacks
Many OT infrastructures use protocols not designed with security in mind, such as SCADA, making them easily exploitable.
Example
A recent cyberattack on a European railway network halted services for days, highlighting the critical need to protect OT systems.
Challenges of OT security in the age of connectivity
The adoption of technologies like IoT, cloud, and 5G is transforming OT operations but also expanding the security perimeter. The lack of network segmentation and poor implementation of specific solutions can expose companies to significant risks.
Another challenge is ensuring the real-time continuity of OT operations, as OT systems do not tolerate delays or interruptions, unlike traditional IT infrastructures.
Best strategies for ensuring security
Protecting OT infrastructures requires a multidimensional approach that integrates advanced technologies, rigorous processes, and specialized expertise.
Effective strategies are based on proven security principles, such as network segmentation, the adoption of advanced monitoring systems, and a strong focus on staff training. Below, each aspect is explored in detail.
Network segmentation
Network segmentation is one of the most crucial best practices for OT security. This process separates IT networks from OT networks, limiting the potential spread of a cyberattack.
Example
Malware infecting a traditional IT network will not reach industrial control systems (ICS) if the two networks are isolated.
Effective segmentation can be implemented using Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFW), which filter and monitor traffic based on specific rules, ensuring that only authorized traffic can flow between the two networks.
Implementing a Zero Trust model
The Zero Trust model assumes that no entity, internal or external to the network, should be automatically considered trustworthy. This principle translates into rigorous access control and continuous authentication.
In OT environments, Zero Trust involves specific measures such as:
- Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) to ensure user identity.
- Granular access control based on User-ID, Device-ID and App-ID.
- Constant session monitoring to detect anomalies or suspicious behavior.
Continuous network traffic monitoring and analysis
Continuous monitoring is essential for identifying real-time threats. Advanced tools like Network Traffic Analysis (NTA) and Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) analyze the behavior of devices in the OT network and identify anomalies that may indicate a cyberattack.
Example
A sudden increase in traffic on ICS protocols can signal an attempted attack. Solutions like Darktrace Cyber AI use artificial intelligence to recognize these early signals, enabling an immediate response.
Multi-layered protection
Effective OT security relies on a multi-layered strategy combining various tools and technologies. In addition to Next-Generation Firewalls and IDPS systems, other measures include:
- Honeypots and decoys
These lure cybercriminals and allow their methods to be analyzed.
- Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR)
Protects endpoint devices in the network, tailored to OT environment specifics.
- Regular backups
Ensure quick data recovery in case of ransomware attacks or incidents.

Disaster Recovery and business continuity plans
Preparing for the worst is a crucial aspect of OT security. Disaster Recovery (DR) plans are designed to restore operations as quickly as possible in case of a breach. This includes:
- Automated data recovery procedures.
- Regular Testing of plans to ensure effectiveness.
- Cloud-Based Solutions to Accelerate Recovery Times.
Staff training and a culture of security
An often underestimated element is the role of training. Operators must be able to recognize suspicious behaviors, manage security tools effectively, and respond promptly to incidents. Tabletop exercises, simulating crisis situations, help prepare personnel for real scenarios.
Moreover, promoting a security-oriented corporate culture that encourages information sharing and collaboration significantly reduces risks.
Collaboration with a Security Operations Center (SOC)
A dedicated SOC offers 24/7 continuous monitoring, analyzing security data in real-time and intervening immediately in case of anomalies. This structure is particularly useful for companies lacking sufficient internal resources to manage OT security.
Adopting these strategies builds a robust defense against cyber threats, protecting OT systems and ensuring operational continuity in an increasingly connected and complex industrial landscape.
Directives and solutions for a secure future
The NIS2 Directive requires companies to adopt robust measures to protect critical infrastructures. This includes implementing advanced security solutions and monitoring activities 24/7 through dedicated SOCs.
In Italy, companies like Axitea offer integrated ICS/OT cybersecurity services, combining perimeter protection, artificial intelligence, and rapid incident responses. These tailored approaches are essential for mitigating risks and ensuring resilience.
To conclude…
OT security is no longer optional but a necessity for businesses seeking to protect critical assets and maintain competitiveness in the global market. Investing in OT security, adopting innovative technologies, and fostering a security-oriented corporate culture are key to addressing current and future challenges.
Questions and answers
- What is OT security?
OT security protects industrial control systems and operational technologies from cyber threats. - Why is OT security important?
It ensures operational continuity and protects critical infrastructures from cyberattacks. - What are the main threats to OT networks?
Major threats include ransomware, unauthorized access, and ICS protocol attacks. - What does network segmentation mean?
It separates IT and OT networks to limit the spread of potential attacks. - What technologies support OT security?
Next-Generation Firewalls, NIDPS solutions, AI monitoring, and Zero Trust systems are fundamental. - Which sectors benefit from OT security?
All industrial sectors, including energy, transportation, manufacturing, and healthcare. - What does the NIS2 Directive require for OT security?
It mandates the adoption of advanced cybersecurity measures to protect critical infrastructures. - What is the role of the SOC in OT security?
It ensures 24/7 continuous monitoring and prompt response to incidents. - Can artificial intelligence improve OT security?
Yes, it analyzes suspicious behaviors and identifies threats in real-time. - What are the best practices for protecting OT systems?
Zero Trust, staff training, network segmentation, and continuous monitoring.